Glossary
Prostatitis Injection Treatment, TCM herbal Treatment for Prostatitis, BPH and Prostate Cancer are performed in our Treatment Center.
The following are health and medical definitions of terms that appear in the Prostatitis article.
abdomen: the part of the body below the chest that contains organs like the intestines, the liver, the kidneys, the stomach, the bladder, and the prostate.
ablation: reduction of; e.g., in the management of prostate cancer, hormonal ablation means the use of hormonal techniques to reduce the spread of prostate cancer cells and cryoablation means the use of deep freezing techniques to reduce the number of live prostate and prostate cancer cells.adjuvant: added on; e.g., adjuvant hormonal therapy is hormonal therapy added on to another form of therapy.
adenocarcinoma: a form of cancer that develops from a malignant abnormality in the glandular cells lining an organ such as the prostate; almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas.
adrenal: the two adrenal glands are located above the kidneys; they produce a variety of different hormones, including sex hormones - e.g., adrenal androgens.
adrenalectomy: the surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
age-adjusted: modified to take account of the age of an indiviual or group of individuals; for example, prostate cancer survival data and average normal PSA values can be adjusted according to the ages of groups of men.
alpha-blockers: pharmaceutical drugs that act on the prostate by relaxing certain types of muscle tissue; these pharmaceutical drugs are often used in the treatment of BPH.
analog: a synthetic chemical or pharmaceutical drug that behaves very much like a normal chemical in the body.
Anandron: trade or brand name for nilutamide.
androgen: a hormone which is responsible for male characteristics and the development and function of male sexual organs (e.g. testosterone).
anemia: a reduction below normal in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
aneuploid: having an abnormal number of sets of chromosomes; e.g., tetraploid means having two paired sets of chromosomes, which is twice as many as normal (see also diploid).
anterior: the front; e.g., the anterior of the prostate is the part of the prostate that faces forward.
antiandrogen: a compound (usually a synthetic pharmaceutical drug) which blocks or otherwise interferes with the normal action of androgens.
antibiotic: a pharmaceutical that can kill certain types of bacteria.
antibody: protein produced by the immune system as a defense against an invading or "foreign" material or substance (for example, when you get a cold, your body produces antibodies to the cold virus).
anticoagulant: a pharmaceutical drug that helps to stop the blood from clotting.
antigen: "foreign" material introduced into the body (a virus or bacterium, for example) or other material which the immune system considers to be "foreign" because it is not part of the body's normal biology (e.g., prostate cancer cells).
anus: the opening of the rectum.
apex: the tip or bottom of the prostate, i.e., the part of the prostate farthest away from the bladder.
aspiration: the use of suction to remove fluid or tissue, usually through a fine needle (e.g., aspiration biopsy).
asymptomatic: having no recognizable symptoms of a particular disorder.
A | B | C
base: the base of the prostate is the wide part at the top of the prostate closest to the bladder.benign: relatively harmless; not cancerous; not malignant; not potentially fatal.
benign prostatic hyperplasia: see BPH.
bicalutamide: a nonsteroidal antiandrogen available in the U.S. and some European countries for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
bilateral: both sides; e.g., a bilateral orchiectomy is an operation in which both testicles are removed and a bilateral adrenalectomy involves removal of both adrenal glands.
biopsy: sampling of tissue from a particular part of the body (e.g., the prostate) in order to check for abnormalities such as cancer; in the case of prostate cancer, biopsies are usually carried out under ultrasound guidance using a specially designed device known as a prostate biopsy gun.
bladder: the hollow sac-like organ in which urine is colleced and stored in the body.
bone scan: a sensitive technique which uses radiolabelled agents to identify abnormal or or cancerous growths within or attached to bone; in the case of prostate cancer, a bone scan is used to identify bony metastases which are definitive for cancer which has escaped from the prostate.bowel preparation: the cleaning of the bowels or intestines which is normal prior to abdominal surgery such as radical prostatectomy.
BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia or enlargement of the prostate occurs in most men age they age; it can cause difficulties for many men (such as the frequent need to urinate at night), which can become severe for some individuals.
brachytherapy: the implantation of radioactive seeds or pellets which emit low energy radiation in order to kill surrounding tissue (e.g., the prostate, including prostate cancer cells).
A | B | C
CAB: complete androgen blockade (see maximal androgen deprivation)cancer: the growth of abnormal cells in the body in an uncontrolled manner.
capsule: the fibrous tissue which acts as an outer lining of the prostate.
carcinoma: another word meaning cancer.
Casodex: brand name or trade name of bicalutamide.
castration: the use of surgical or medical techniques to lower the level of testosterone in the male to zero or near zero.
catheter: a hollow (usually plastic) tube which can be used to drain fluids from or inject fluids into the body; in the case of prostate cancer, it is common for patients to have a transurethral catheter to drain urine for some time after treatment by surgery or some forms of radiation therapy.
chemoprevention: the use of a pharmaceutical drug or other substance to prevent the development of cancer.
chemotherapy: the use of pharmaceutical drugs to kill cancer cells; in many cases chemotherapeutic agents kill not only cancer cells but also other cells in the body, which makes such agents potentially very dangerous.
chromosome: threadlike structure in every cell that consists of genes composed of DNA. One human cell normally consists of 46 chromosomes.
CHT: combined hormonal therapy or treatment (see maximal androgen deprivation).
clinical trial: a carefully planned experiment to evaluate a treatment or a medication (often a pharmaceutical drug) for an unproven use.
complication: an unexpected or unwanted effect of a treatment, pharmaceutical drug , or other procedure.
conformational therapy: the use of careful planning and delivery techniques designed to focus radiation on the areas of the prostate and surrounding tissue which need treatment and protect areas which do not need treatment: three-dimensional conformational therapy is a more sophisticated form of this method.
contracture: scarring which can occur at the bladder neck after a radical prostatectomy and which results in narrowing of the passage between the bladder and the urethra.
corpus cavernosum: a part of a man's penis which fills with blood when he is sexually excited, giving the organ the stiffness required for intercourse.
corpus spongiosum: a spongy chamber in a man's penis which fills with blood when he is sexually excited, giving the organ the stiffness required for intercourse.
cryoablation: see cryosurgery.
cryosurgery: the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze a particular organ to extremely low temperatures to kill the tissue, including any cancerous tissue.
cryotherapy: see cryosurgery.
CT scan: computerized tomography (also known as computerized axial tomography or a CAT scan) is a method of combining images from multiple x-rays under the control of a computer to produce sophisticated cross-sectional or three-dimensional pictures of the internal organs and which can be used to identify abnormalities.
cystoscope: an instrument used by physicians to look inside the bladder and the urethra.
cystoscopy: the use of a cystoscope to look inside the bladder and the urethra.
Acute: Of abrupt onset, in reference to a disease. Acute often also connotes an illness that is of short duration, rapidly progressive, and in need of urgent care. See the entire definition of Acute
Acute bacterial prostatitis : Inflammation of the prostate gland of sudden (acute) onset due to bacterial infection. The symptoms include chills, fever , pain in the lower back and genital area, body aches, burning or painful urination, and the frequent and urgent need to urinate. The urinary tract is infected, as evidenced by the presence of white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. Treatment is with antibiotics. See the entire definition of Acute bacterial prostatitis
Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. Originally, an antibiotic was a substance produced by one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another. Synthetic antibiotics, usually chemically related to natural antibiotics, have since been produced that accomplish comparable tasks. See the entire definition of Antibiotic
Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. See the entire definition of Anus
Arthritis: Inflammation of a joint. When joints are inflamed they can develop stiffness, warmth, swelling, redness and pain. There are over 100 types of arthritis. (see osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, lupus, gout, pseudogout).
Back pain: Pain felt in the low or upper back. There are many causes of back pain. See the entire definition of Back pain
Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms which can exist either as independent (free-living) organisms or as parasites (dependent upon another organism for life). See the entire definition of Bacteria
Bacterial: Of or pertaining to bacteria. For example, a bacterial lung infection.
Bladder: Any pouch or other flexible enclosure that can hold liquids or gases but usually refers to the hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine -- the urinary bladder. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine, which enters the bladder through two tubes called ureters. Urine leaves the bladder through another tube, the urethra . In women, the urethra is a short tube that opens just in front of the vagina . In men, it is longer, passing through the prostate gland and then the penis . Infection of the bladder is called cystitis . See the entire definition of Bladder
Blood: The familiar red fluid in the body that contains white and red blood cells, platelets, proteins, and other elements. The blood is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system. Blood functions in two directions: arterial and venous. Arterial blood is the means by which oxygen and nutrients are transported to tissues while venous blood is the means by which carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are transported to the lungs and kidneys, respectively, for removal from the body.
Cancer: An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize (spread). See the entire definition of Cancer
Chronic: This important term in medicine comes from the Greek chronos, time and means lasting a long time. See the entire definition of Chronic Chronic bacterial prostatitis :
Longstanding bacterial infection of the prostate gland superimposed on a defect in the prostate. (The prostate is a small organ below the bladder which surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine down from the bladder.) The symptoms can include low back pain , discomfort in the perineum (the area between the anus and the genitalia), testicular pain and, if the infection spreads to the bladder, mild pain or burning on urination (dysuria) and frequent and urgent need to urinate (frequency and urgency). The presence of white blood cells and bacteria in the urine attests to the fact that the urinary tract is infected with bacteria. See the entire definition of Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Condition: The term "condition" has a number of biomedical meanings including the following: An unhealthy state, such as in "this is a progressive condition." A state of fitness, such as "getting into condition." Something that is essential to the occurrence of something else; essentially a "precondition." As a verb: to cause a change in something so that a response that was previously associated with a certain stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus; to condition a person, as in behavioral conditioning.
Cure: 1. To heal, to make well, to restore to good health. Cures are easy to claim and, all too often, difficult to confirm. 2. A time without recurrence of a disease so that the risk of recurrence is small, as in the 5-year cure rate for malignant melanoma . 3. Particularly in the past, a course of treatment. For example, take a cure at a spa. See the entire definition of Cure
Diagnosis: 1 The nature of a disease ; the identification of an illness. 2 A conclusion or decision reached by diagnosis. The diagnosis is rabies . 3 The identification of any problem. The diagnosis was a plugged IV. See the entire definition of Diagnosis
Disease: Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (symptoms) and physical findings (signs). Disruption sequence: The events that occur when a fetus that is developing normally is subjected to a destructive agent such as the rubella (German measles) virus.
Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. This includes burning on urination. Dysuria is most commonly due to bacterial infection of the urinary tract causing inflammation of the bladder ( cystitis ) or kidney ( pyelonephritis ). See the entire definition of Dysuria
Fever : Although a fever technically is any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 degrees F. (37 degrees C.), in practice a person is usually not considered to have a significant fever until the temperature is above 100.4 degrees F (38 degrees C.). See the entire definition of Fever
Focal: Pertaining to a focus which in medicine may refer to: 1. The point at which rays converge as, for example, in the focal point. 2. A localized area of disease. A focal cancer is limited to one specific area.
Genital: Pertaining to the external and internal organs of reproduction. (Not to be confused with genetic.)
Genitalia: The male and female reproductive organs. The genitalia include internal structures such as the ovary, and external structures such as the penis. See also: Female organs of reproduction; Male organs of reproduction.
Gland: 1. A group of cells that secrete a substance for use in the body. For example, the thyroid gland. 2. A group of cells that removes materials from the circulation. For example, a lymph gland.
Health: As officially defined by the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Ibuprofen: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used to treat pain, swelling, and fever. Common brand names for Ibuprofen include Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin.
Infection: The growth of a parasitic organism within the body. (A parasitic organism is one that lives on or in another organism and draws its nourishment therefrom.) A person with an infection has another organism (a "germ") growing within him, drawing its nourishment from the person. See the entire definition of Infection
Inflammation: A basic way in which the body reacts to infection , irritation or other injury, the key feature being redness, warmth, swelling and pain . Inflammation is now recognized as a type of nonspecific immune response . See the entire definition of Inflammation
Low back pain: Pain in the lower back area that can relate to problems with the lumbar spine, the discs between the vertebrae, the ligaments around the spine and discs, the spinal cord and nerves, muscles of the low back, internal organs of the pelvis and abdomen, or the skin covering the lumbar area.
Naproxen : A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for the management of mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation . Naproxen blocks the enzyme cyclooxygenase that makes prostaglandins, resulting in lower concentrations of prostaglandins. As a consequence, inflammation, pain and fever are reduced. Brand names for naproxen include Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn, and Aleve. See the entire definition of Naproxen NIH:
The National Institutes of Health. The NIH is an important U.S. health agency. It is devoted to medical research. Administratively under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the NIH consists of 20-some separate Institutes and Centers. NIH's program activities are represented by these Institutes and Centers. See the entire definition of NIH Nonbacterial prostatitis :
Inflammation of the prostate not due to bacterial infection. The prostate is a walnut-sized organ below the male bladder that surrounds the urethra and contributes fluid to the semen. See the entire definition of Nonbacterial prostatitis
Objective: In a microscope, the objective (also called the objective lens) is the lens nearest to the object being examined whereas the lens closest to the eye is termed the ocular (the eyepiece). See the entire definition of Objective
Organ: A relatively independent part of the body that carries out one or more special functions. The organs of the human body include the eye, ear, heart, lungs, and liver.
Pain: An unpleasant sensation that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony. Pain has both physical and emotional components. The physical part of pain results from nerve stimulation. Pain may be contained to a discrete area, as in an injury, or it can be more diffuse, as in disorders like fibromyalgia . Pain is mediated by specific nerve fibers that carry the pain impulses to the brain where their conscious appreciation may be modified by many factors. See the entire definition of Pain
Perineum: The area between the anus and the scrotum in the male and between the anus and the vulva (the labial opening to the vagina) in the female. An episiotomy is a surgical procedure to widen the outlet of the birth canal to facilitate delivery of the baby and avoid a jagged rip of the perineum. See the entire definition of Perineum
Prostate: A gland within the male reproductive system that is located just below the bladder. Chestnut shaped, the prostate surrounds the beginning of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder. See the entire definition of Prostate
Prostate cancer: An uncontrolled (malignant) growth of cells in the prostate gland which is located at the base of the urinary bladder and is responsible for helping control urination as well as forming part of the semen. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death of males in the U.S.
Prostate gland: A gland within the male reproductive system that is located just below the bladder. Chestnut shaped, the prostate surrounds the beginning of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder. See the entire definition of Prostate gland Prostatitis :
Inflammation of the prostate gland, a very common health concern, accounting for up to 25% of all medical office visits by young and middle-age men for problems relating to the genital and urinary systems. See the entire definition of Prostatitis
Prostatodynia: A type of inflammation of the prostate not due to bacterial infection and in which there are no objective findings, such as the presence of infection-fighting cells, in the urine of men who suffer from the disease. The prostate is a walnut-sized organ below the male bladder that surrounds the urethra and contributes fluid to the semen. See the entire definition of Prostatodynia
Reactive arthritis : A chronic form of arthritis featuring the following three conditions: (1) inflamed joints; (2) inflammation of the eyes ( conjunctivitis ); and (3) inflammation of the genital , urinary or gastrointestinal system. See the entire definition of Reactive arthritis
Rectum: The last 6 to 8 inches of the large intestine. The rectum stores solid waste until it leaves the body through the anus. The word rectum comes from the Latin rectus meaning straight (which the human rectum is not).
Semen: The fluid that is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of fluid and of sperm. The fluid comes from the prostate, seminal vesicle and other sex glands. The sperm are manufactured in the testicles. The seminal fluid helps transport the sperm during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm. See the entire definition of Semen
Sperm: A sperm is the male "gamete" or sex cell. It combines with the female "gamete," called an ovum, to form a zygote. The formation process is called "fertilization." (see ovum, zygote).
Urethra: The transport tube leading from the bladder to discharge urine outside the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter than in the male and emerges above the vaginal opening, as indicated here:
Urinary: Having to do with the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The urinary system represents the functional and anatomic aspects of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Urine: Liquid waste. The urine is a clear, transparent fluid. It normally has an amber color. The average amount of urine excreted in 24 hours is from 40 to 60 ounces (about 1,200 cubic centimeters). Chemically, the urine is mainly an aqueous (watery) solution of salt (sodium chloride) and substances called urea and uric acid. Normally, it contains about 960 parts of water to 40 parts of solid matter. Abnormally, it may contain sugar (in diabetes), albumen (a protein) (as in some forms of kidney disease), bile pigments (as in jaundice), or abnormal quantities of one or another of its normal components.
Urologist: A physician who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary tract and sex organs in males. Also called a urological surgeon.
Abdominal pain: A condition which is characterized by the sensation of pain that is located in the abdomen
Aches: General body aches or muscle aches
Acute bacterial prostatitis: Uncommon sudden acute onset of prostratitis from bacterial infection.
Acute prostatitis: An acute condition which affects the prostate which is the result of infammation
Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis: Prostate infection or inflammation without any apparent symptoms.
Back pain: Pain from the back or spine.
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: Non-cancerous prostrate enlargement common with aging
Blood in urine: Blood or blood-like discoloration of urine.
Burning during urination: The experience of burning sensation when urinating
Chills: Excessive feeling of coldness.
Chronic bacterial prostatitis: Ongoing prostratitis from bacterial infection.
Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis: Ongoing prostratitis that is not due to bacterial infection.
Cloudy urine: Cloudy or milky appearance of urine
Cystitis: Bladder infection or inflammation
Dysuria: Painful urination
Fever: Elevation of the body temperature above the normal 37 degrees celsius
Frequent urination: Urinating more often than normal
Joint pain: Pain affecting the joints
Lower back pain: Pain in the lower back region
Mumps: An acute viral disease that causes the salivary glands to become swollen, sore and inflamed. Immunization had greatly reduced the incidence of this disease.
Muscle pain: Pain that is located anatomically in the region of muscles
Night urination: Urination during the night
Prostate Cancer: Cancer of the prostate.
Prostate conditions: Any condition affecting the prostate in men.
Reiter’s syndrome: A form of reactive arthritis characterized by arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis and skin lesions.
Sexual pain: Pain affecting the sexual organs or systems.
Urethral discharge: A condition which is characterized by a discharge which occurs from the urethra
Urinary symptoms: Symptoms affecting urination or related organs.
Urinary tract infection: Infection of the urinary system; usually bacterial.
Urinary urgency: Excessive or frequent urges to urinate
Urination pain: Urinary pain or burning related to urination (dysuria)
Acute: Having a sudden onset and (usually) a short, severe course
Antacid: A medicine that neutralizes or reduces acid in stomach.
Anus: The opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel contents leave the body.
Anal: Pertaining to the anus.
Autoimmune Disease: A disease caused by the body's protective mechanism becoming confused and attacking a part of the body, which is not an invader.
Benign: Not malignant; noncancerous; benign growths do not generally spread to other organs or come back when they are removed.
Biopsy: A procedure where a small hollow needle is inserted into a suspicious body part in order to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis. Usually used to check for the presence of cancer.
Bladder: The muscular bag in the lower abdomen where urine is stored. During urination the bladder contracts to force urine out.
Catheter: A tube inserted through the penis to the bladder in order to drain urine from the body.
Chronic: Persisting over a long period of time
Cystoscope: A tube-like instrument used to view the interior of the bladder.
Ejaculation: Discharging semen from the penis during sexual climax.
Gland: An organ that makes and releases substances to other parts of the body.
Hematospermia: Blood in the seminal fluid
Hematuria: Blood in the urine
Hesitancy: Slowness to start urination
Histamine-2 (H2) Receptor Blockers: H2 blockers are the group of medicines that prevent histamine from binding to H2 receptors, leading to reduced secretion of hydrochloric acid.
Hormone: A substance that stimulates the function of a gland.
Impotent: Unable to have an erection.
Incontinence: The inability to control urination.
Infection: condition resulting from the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms
Inflammation: swelling and pain resulting from irritation or infection
Nocturia: Waking up in the middle of the night to urinate
Obstruction: A clog or blockage that prevents liquid from flowing easily.
Palliative Treatment: Medical care which aims to reduce the symptoms without curing the patient
Perineum: The area between the scrotum and the anus.
Prognosis: A forecast of the course of a disease, and future prospects of the patient
Rectum: The last part of the large intestine (colon) ending in the anus.
Reflux: Flowing back. Usually refers to the entry of urine into the prostate
Reproductive system: The bodily systems that allow men and women to have children.
Scrotum: The sac of skin that contains the testes.
Semen: The fluid, containing sperm, which comes out of the penis during sexual excitement.
Sterile: Unable to father children.
Testes: The male reproductive glands where sperm are produced.
Testosterone: The male sex hormone. This hormone is produced mostly by the testes but the adrenal gland also produces a small amount. You need a supply to maintain your prostate's current size. Castration cuts off the major source of supply and results in shrinkage of the prostate so this is sometimes used to shrink or slow the growth of prostate cancer. Testosterone cannot be used directly by the prostate however but must first be converted to Dihydrotestosterone by the action of a prostate enzyme called 5-alpha reductase
Ultrasound: A type of test in which sound waves too high to hear are aimed at a structure to produce an image of it.
Urinary tract: The path that urine takes as it leaves the body. It includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Urinalysis: Examination of the urine for abnormalities
Urination: Discharge of liquid waste from the body.
Urethra: The canal inside the penis that urine passes through as it leaves the body.
Void: To urinate
Alpha-blockers
Medications used to treat the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia by relaxing the smooth muscles of the prostate and bladder neckAndrogen
Male hormones, such as testosteroneAnemia
A condition in which a person has an abnormally low number of red blood cells, low hemoglobin and/or low volume of packed red blood cells per 100 mL of bloodAntibiotic
Medication used to treat bacterial infectionsAnus
The opening of the rectum to the outside of the bodyBacteria
Single-celled organisms, some of which live inside other organisms and some of which live independentlyBenign
Not cancerous; a benign growth does not invade surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the bodyBenign prostatic hyperplasia
Abnormal growth of the prostate not due to cancer or infectionBiopsy
The removal of a small piece of tissue, which is then examined under a microscopeCancer
An abnormal, uncontrolled growth in any tissue or organ in the body that can spread to surrounding or distant organsCatheter
A thin, hollow, flexible tube that is inserted into the body, e.g. a urinary catheter is designed to pass through the urethra into the bladder to drain it of retained urineChemotherapy
Treatment with drugs intended to kill cancer cellsDigital rectal exam
Test in which the doctor inserts a gloved finger into the anus to feel the prostate for any unusual features such as hardness, bumps or swellingDihydrotestosterone
A hormone derived from testosterone and thought to be involved in prostate enlargementDNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that encodes genetic information; DNA contains many functional units called genesEnlarged prostate
Common name for benign prostatic hyperplasiaExternal beam radiation therapy
A therapy in which a radiation beam from outside of the body targets cancer on the inside of the body. Also called EBRTGenetic
Having to do with genes; related to the mechanisms by which cells grow, function, and divideGland
An organ that makes and secretes substances used by the bodyImpotence
Inability to sustain an erection sufficient for intercourseLymph node
Small glands that release cells to defend the body against harmful foreign particlesMetastasis / Metastatic
The spread of cancer cells to areas of the body beyond the organ of original occurrenceNeoadjuvant
Therapy that is used before the main, or primary, therapy. For instance, neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) used before radiation therapyOrchiectomy
Surgical removal of the testiclesProstate cancer
The presence of cancerous cells in the prostateProstate-specific antigen
A protein in semen produced by the prostate gland and measured in the blood in patients with BPH or prostate cancerProstatic (adj)
Related to the prostateProstatitis
An inflammation of the prostate glandRadiation
The use of directed high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cellsRadical prostatectomy
Surgery to remove the entire prostate gland along with the nearby tissue such as the seminal vesiclesRectum
The final section of the intestines at the anusRemission
The state in which all or some cancer signs and symptoms disappear, or the period of time when a disease stays under control (no progression). Complete remission does not always mean the cancer is curedRetrograde ejaculation (dry climax)
A condition in which semen enters the bladder during ejaculation and is later flushed out during urinationSeminal vesicles
A pair of glands, near the prostate, that add substances to semenTestes
Male reproductive glands where sperm are produced. Also the main source of testosterone in malesTestosterone
The most potent male hormoneTumor
An abnormal mass of tissue, which may be benign or cancerous; a collection of abnormal cellsUltrasound
Imaging test that uses high-frequency sound waves to view internal organsUrethra
The tube that carries urine and semen through the penisUrge incontinence
Leakage of urine in the presence of a strong desire to voidUrgency
A sudden need to urinateUrinalysis
Analysis of urine for chemicals, minerals, sugar, hormones, infections etc.Urinary flow study
Measure of the amount of urine voided per secondUrinary incontinence
Involuntary urination that leads to loss of urinary controlUrinary retention
Condition in which urine is kept in the bladder instead of being eliminated; acute urinary retention occurs suddenly and the patient cannot urinate at allUrinary tract infection
Infection of an element of the urinary system: the urethra, the bladder, the ureters, or the kidneysUrologist
Doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary system in women, and the urinary and sex organs in menVas deferens
A tubal structure that carries sperm from the testicles to the prostate prior to ejaculationWatchful waiting
Period of time after diagnosis of a disease during which no active treatments are pursued; rather, the condition is monitored at frequent intervalsAlpha-blockers
These drugs help relax muscles near the prostate to relieve pressure and let urine flow more freely, but they don't shrink the size of the prostate. For many men, the drug can improve urine flow and reduce symptoms within days. Possible side effects include dizziness, headache, and fatigue.alpha-reductase inhibitor
This drug, known as finasteride, shrinks the prostate. It relieves symptoms by blocking an enzyme that acts on the male hormone, testosterone, to boost organ growth. When the enzyme is blocked, growth slows down. This helps shrink the prostate, reduce blockage, and limit the need for surgery.Taking this drug for at least 6 months to 1 year can increase urine flow and reduce your symptoms. It seems to work best for men with very large prostates. You must continue to take the drug to prevent symptoms from coming back.
This drug is also used to treat baldness in men. It can cause these side effects in a small percentage of men:
- Decreased interest in sex
- Trouble getting or keeping an erection
- Smaller amount of semen with ejaculation
It's important to note that taking this drug can lower your PSA test levels. There is also evidence that finasteride lowers the risk of getting prostate cancer, but whether it lowers the risk of dying from prostate cancer is still unclear.
BPH Medications Category Activity Generic Name Brand Name Alpha-blockers Relax muscles near prostate doxazosin
tamsulosin
terazosin
prazosinCardura
Flomax
Hytrin
Minipres5 alphareductase inhibitor Slows prostate growth, shrinks prostate finasteride Proscar or Propecia BPH surgery
The number of prostate surgeries has gone down over the years. But operations for BPH are still one of the most common surgeries for American men. Surgery is used when symptoms are severe or drug therapy has not worked well.Types of surgeries include:
TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate) is the most common surgery for BPH. It accounts for 90 percent of all BPH surgeries. It takes about 90 minutes. The doctor passes an instrument through the urethra and trims away extra prostate tissue. A spinal block is used to numb the area. Tissue is sent to the laboratory to check for prostate cancer.
TURP generally avoids the two main dangers linked to other prostate surgeries:
Incontinence (not being able to hold in urine)
Impotence (not being able to have an erection)
The recovery period for TURP is much shorter as well.
TUIP (transurethral incision of the prostate) is similar to TURP. It is used on slightly enlarged prostate glands. The surgeon places one or two small cuts in the prostate. This relieves pressure without trimming away tissue. It has a low risk of side effects. Like TURP, this treatment helps with urine flow by widening the urethra.
TUNA (transurethral needle ablation) burns away excess prostate tissue using radio waves. It helps with urine flow, relieves symptoms, and may have fewer side effects than TURP. Most men need a catheter to drain urine for a period of time after the procedure.
TUMT (transurethral microwave thermotherapy) uses microwaves sent through a catheter to destroy excess prostate tissue. This can be an option for men who should not have major surgery because they have other medical problems.
TUVP (transurethral electroevaporation of the prostate) uses electrical current to vaporize prostate tissue.
Open prostatectomy means the surgeon removes the prostate through a cut in the lower abdomen. This is done only in very rare cases when obstruction is severe, the prostate is very large, or other procedures can't be done. General or spinal anesthesia is used and a catheter remains for 3 to 7 days after the surgery. This surgery carries a higher risk of complications than medical treatment. Tissue is sent to the laboratory to check for prostate cancer.
BCG - vaccine used for the treatment of bladder cancer. BCG is mixed and instilled in the bladder. Patient returns for weekly instillations for 6-8 weeks.Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) - as men age, their prostrate may enlarge. This may cause difficulty starting and completely stopping the urinary stream, painful urination, decreased pressure in stream, incomplete emptying and frequency. If cancer is not present, this condition is known as benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Various types of surgery, the most common is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), or hormonal therapy are the usual forms of treatment.
Biopsy - the removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration.
Bladder - the organ that stores urine.
Brachytherapy - a procedure in which radioactive material is sealed in needles, seeds, wires or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.
Calculi - "stone", ususally refers to a renal calculi or "kidney stone: (also see lithiasis).
Catheter - most often refers to a tube that drains the bladder, through the urethra, but can refer to any tube that drains.
Circumcision - operation to remove all or part of the foreskin.
Clinical Trial - a type of research that uses volunteers to test new methods of screeing, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. The trial may be carried out in a clinic or other medical facility. Also called a clinical study.
Cryosurgery - treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissue.
Cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, usually from infection but can refer to any cause of inflammation such as radiation cystitis or interstitial cystitis.
Cystocele - herniation of the bladder into the vagina, commonly referred to as "bladder drop".
Cystoscopy - looking into the urinary bladder with an instrument called a cystoscope. The bladder is filled with sterile water; the bladder is expanded and able to then be visualized with the scope that has a light source.
Dilation - in urologic terms, the stretching of the opening from the bladder (urethra).
Enuresis - usually refers to nocturnal enuresis or "bedwetting".
Genitourinary System - the parts of the body that play a role in reproduction and getting rid of waste products in the form of urine, or both.
Grade - the grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer.
Hematuria - blood in the urine. Gross hematuria is when blood can readily be seen in the urine. Gross hematuria may indicate a tumor of the bladder or an acute cystitis. Patients with gross hematuria should be seen on an emergent basis. Microscopic hematuria is when blood is only seen on a microscopic urinalysis. Although this may be indicative of disease of the urinary tract, it is often idiopathic - there is no known cause. However, a complete urinary work-up is needed to rule out the disease.
Hernia - protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it.
Hormonal Therapy - treatment that adds, blocks or removes hormones. For certain conditions (such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of certain cancers (such as prostate or breast cancer), synthetic hormones or other drugs may be given to block the body's natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes the hormones. Also called hormone therapy, hormone treatment, or endocrine treatment.
Hydrocele - literally "water sac", a collection of fluid in the scrotum that surrounds the testicle.
Impotence - inability to achieve or maintain an erection. May be caused by psychological, vascular or neurological dysfunction.
Incontinence - the involuntary voiding of urine.
Infertility - diminished or absent ability to produce offspring.
Interstitial Cystitis - disease characterized by pain with bladder filling. This diagnosis is only considered when other causes of pain or urgency have been evaluated.
Kidney Stone (renal calculi,nephrolithiasis) - a stone which forms in the kidney.
Lithiasis - stone, as in "nephrolithiasis".
Lymph Node - a rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymphatic fluid and store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called a lymph gland.
Malignant - cancerous malignant tumors can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Medical Oncologist - a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy. A medical oncologist often is the main health care provider for a person who has cancer. A medical oncologist also may coordinate treatment provided by other specialists.
Metastasis - The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. A tumor formed by cells that have spread is called a "metastatic tumor" or a "metastasis." The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like the those in the original (primary) tumor.
Nephrolithiasis - stone, found within the kidney
Nocturnal Enuresis - incontinence that occurs at night or while a person is sleeping. Known as "bedwetting".
Orchiectomy - surgery to remove one or both of the testicles.
Pathologist - a doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
Prostate - a gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. The prostate surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of the semen.
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) - a substance produced by the prostate that may be found in an increased amount in the blood of men who have prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or an infection or inflammation of the prostate.
Prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland, usually this refers to chronic prostatitis.
Renal - refers to the kidney; also "nephro"
Risk Factor - something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer include age, family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, certain eating habits, obesity, exposure to radiation or cancer-causing agents, and certain genetic changes.
Spermatocele - cyst of the epididymis containing sperm.
Staging - Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, expecially whether the disease has spread from the orginal site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.
Stent - (see ureteral stent)
Stricture - a narrowing of a channel, most often of the ureter or urethra.
Stenosis - see stricture (also stenotic).
Torsion - (related to the testicle) twisting or rotation of the testicle upon its long axis. If not self-corrected, surgical intervention is needed to prevent the testicle from dying.
Undescended testicle - a testicle that has not descended into the scrotal sac.
Ureter - thin walled tube that drains urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Urethra - channel that drains the bladder.
Ureteral Stent - small tube placed within the ureter usually to help the drainage of urine from the kidney to the bladder most often because of an obstructing stone in the ureter.
Ureterolithiasis - the formation or presence of calculi (stones) in one or both ureters.
Ureteroplasty - reconstruction of one or both ureters.
Ureterostomy - establishment of an external opening into the ureter.
Urethral diverticulum - a sac-like outpouching of the urethral wall.
Urinalysis - analysis of the urin, either chemically or microscopically, to detect infection and/or disease.
Varcicocele - dilated veins that drain the testicle, resulting in poorer drainage and, possibly, infertility.
Vasectomy - an operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles.
Vesicoureteral Reflux - backward flow of urine from the ureter back into the kidney.
Watchful Waiting - closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation.
Prostititus
Prostititis
Prostatis
Prostate PSA
Prostate Treatment
Prostate Enlargement
Prostate Vitamins
Prostate Infection
Prostate Health
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Prostatic
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Prostate Gland
Epididymitis
Quercetin
Saw Palmetto
Cernilton
Proscar
Finasteride
PSA
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Prostate Drugs
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Herbal Prostate
Prostate Disease
Cancer of the Prostate
Prostate Test
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Prostate Surgery
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Prostate Cancer Hormone Treatment
Prostate Diet
Prostate Therapy
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Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Advanced Prostate Cancer
Prostate Radiation
Prostate Screening
Prostate Cancer Diet
Prostate Nutrition
Quercetin,
Saw Palmetto,
Cernilton,
finasteride,
Proscar,
dutasteride,
tamsulosin
prostatitis,
prostate,
treatment,
cure,
therapy,
infection,
bph,
prostatic,
symptoms,
surgery,
psa,
enlarged prostate,
prostate cancer,
natural,
herbal,
supplements,
Prostate Medication/Drug/Pills
finasteride,
Avodart,
dutasteride,
Hytrin,
terazosin,
Trelstar Depot,
triptorelin,
Uroxatral,
tamsulosin,
alfuzosin,
Flomax,
Cardura,
Cardura XL,
doxazosin,
saw palmetto,
Plenaxis,
nilutamide,
bicalutamide,
abarelix,
Nilandron,
Novantrone,
Tace,
Zoladex,
Taxotere,
flutamide,
mitoxantrone,
chlorotrianisene,
goserelin,
docetaxel,
Eulexin,
Floxin,
Clinagen LA 40,
Delestrogen,
Dep Gynogen,
Depo-Estradiol,
Estragyn LA 5,
Estro-Cyp,
Gynogen LA 20,
Menaval-20,
Levaquin,
Levaquin Leva-Pak,
ofloxacin,
levofloxacin,
flax,
nettles,
Noroxin,
Estratab,
Menest,
Ogen 0.625 (estropipate 0.75 mg),
Ogen 1.25 (estropipate 1.5 mg),
Ogen 2.5 (estropipate 3 mg),
Ortho-Est,
Striant,
norfloxacin,
esterified estrogens,
estropipate leuprolide,
Androderm,
AndroGel,
Testim
